Payless Shoe Source free essay sample

Payless ShoeSource is an American rebate footwear retailer established in Topeka, Kansas in 1956 by siblings Louis and Shaol Pozez that is possessed by Collective Brands, Inc, on a progressive thought selling shoes in a self-select condition. In 1961, it turned into an open organization as the Volume Shoe Corporation which converged with the May Department Stores Company in 1979. Over 50 years after the fact, Payless proceeds with oneself select model joined with driving client support to give a fun and drawing in shopping experience for our clients. Today, Payless serves illions of buyers through its ground-breaking worldwide system of stores in each of the 50 U. S. tates, just as in Puerto Rico, Guam, Saipan, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Canada, Central America, the Caribbean and South America. The organization likewise has an extending nearness in the Eastern Hemisphere through diversifying plans. History Circa 1962-63, Volume Shoe organization bought the first Hill Brothers Shoe Com pany situated in Kansas City, Mo and changed over roughly each of the 295 of their stores to the Payless name. In 1971, Volume Shoe got the second Hill Brothers Shoe Store chain that was begun in St. Louis, Mo in 2012 by A1 Melnick and Sol Nathanson with the help and help of the first Hill Brothers in Kansas City. The St. Louis adaptation of Hill Brothers Self Service Shoe Store' went from 3 to 001 stores in the Midwest and South somewhere in the range of 1956 and 1971. Volume Shoe initially worked the 103 stores under the Hill Brothers Self Service name. Beginning in 1972, Volume Shoe started to unite stores in nearness and convert others to the Payless brand. The St. Louis activity of Hill Brothers Self Service' stores were known for their stripped down moderation and the motto two for five man alive! That is, ladies and childrens shoes were two sets for five dollars. On June 27, 2006, Payless reported that it was propelling another logo made to speak to a progressively upscale and contemporary organization. This is the first rollout of stores in 2012 and past. Strategic crucial to be the principal decision for thrifty shoppers who search for shoes and extras. The organization offers a wide scope of pattern right and fundamental shoes and adornment things at moderate costs to help each relative look great at all times. Payless is devoted to giving mind blowing esteem ricing to well known styles of footwear and frill for the whole family to appreciate. Payless occasional assortment incorporates shoes for each need † dress, easygoing and athletic styles for ladies, men and children, just as uncommon footwear like move shoes, sport spikes, water socks and slip safe footwear, among others. Brands are consistently significant for customers and Payless has a solid portfolio including originator name Christian Siriano for Payless, legacy skate brand [emailprotected], American great [emailprotected], the famous athletic brand [emailprotected], American Eaglew by [emailprotected], the outhful tense style brand, Brash. best to Paylesss new technique? The methodology for setting an items cost regularly must be changed when the item is a piece of an item blend. Organizations as a rule create product offerings as opposed to single item. Item blend implies in similar organizations have many sort item with they are brands it sold. Item blend evaluating techniques comprise of five components which is product offering valuing, item pack estimating, result evaluating, hostage item estimating and discretionary item valuing. For this situation, the item blend evaluating technique Payless use is product offering valuing. Product offering estimating is setting the value ventures between different items in the product offering dependent on cost contrasts between the items, client assessments of various highlights and contenders costs. Payless have methodology product offering, from one included for the most part of store brands to one ruled by notable national brands. Payless presently sells shoes under various brand names that it either claims or licenses, including Airwalk, Champion, Spalding, Dexter, Shaquille ONeal-supported Dunkman, and different Disney brands. Client can purchase numerous sorts of items with various costs by taking a gander at size, idth, shading and structure. For instance, for young men shoes, they have numerous shapes, size, shading, structure, and various brands which they can get with contrast cost from $ 12. 99 until $26. 99. For young ladies, there are shoes in contrasts brand like Fioni, Amerian, Eagle, Dexter, Lela Rose, and Smartfit from $14. 99 until $24. 99. Most items Payless offers are under $50. Other than that, Payless have relationship with top New-York based creators Laura Poretzky, Lela Rose, Stacey Bendet and Patricia Field. The four are planning everything from siphons to boots to purses for Payless. Payless sets a large portion of the tores product offering underneath $15. The companys CEO, Matt Rubel additionally has recommended that as a rule, cost increments might be as meager as 50 penny for every pair of shoes. However, the development of its image portfolio to incorporate popular marks will unquestionably give payless more prominent estimating adaptability. How do ideas, for example, mental estimating and reference valuing apply to the Payless technique? In what ways does Paylesss technique veer off from these ideas? By definition, mental evaluating is an estimating approach that thinks about the brain research of costs and not just the financial aspects. The cost is utilized to say something regarding the item. Mental evaluating happens when venders think about the brain science of costs and not just the financial matters. In the other hand, reference evaluating is costs that purchasers convey in their brains and allude to when they take a gander at a given item. Buyers as a rule see more extravagant items as having higher caliber. In any case, what occur in Payless is, they didn't expand the cost of their item to increase modest footwear into the fun, hip, shipper of design. Moreover, Payless even re-planned their logo without precedent for a long time. They at that point propelled new Fashion Lab and Hot Zone store position. It was an exceptional improvement. As the outcome, Payless store presently have progressively open, light, and breezy along these lines making an all the more fulfilling shopper experience. Payless is currently looking forward into style and structure as opposed to cost. This is the place Paylesss technique go astray from mental valuing idea. Payless concentrates more towards style and structure of their item as opposed to cost. They even overhaul their store condition into increasingly agreeable spots which at that point make consumer loyalty. With the new store condition, it makes the $12 shoe resembles a $20 shoe. In any case, Paylesss controlling the reference valuing by actualizing an extreme mprovement in their store. They propelled another Fashion Lab and Hot Zone store configuration to make increasingly open, light, and breezy with an all the more fulfilling buyer experience worked around style and plan as opposed to cost. The new configuration pulls in more clients, yet they even make the client ready to pay somewhat more than they have previously. All new Payless stores presently have one of the two new configurations and old stores are by and large logically renovated. Talk about the advantages and dangers of the new Payless technique for both Payless and the architects. Which of these two stands to lose the most? With the new technique actualized by Payless, they can deliver shoes at the most reasonable cost. Despite the fact that the cost is somewhat expanded, clients are as yet ready to pay more. Contrasted with contenders, the cost offered by Payless is as yet reasonable by clients. payless has settled on a choice to update their logo and propelled another store group, Fashion Lab and Hot Zone. Payless are presently changing and presenting their new picture as progressively popular and increasingly current. This technique will change the picture of Payless from the dusty prison of modest footwear into the fun, hip dealer of design. Payless are currently making the store progressively open, light, and breezy. This methodology can pull in more clients and this will result to all the more fulfilling customer experience worked around style and plan instead of cost. By executing the new system, Payless needs to confront a hazard in the event that they flop how to deal with the circumstance. So as to democratize style, Payless go through a great deal of cash to dispatch the new store designs. They likewise re-structured their logo. Payless need to confront a hazard which is to ensure that the new picture they bring should catch their clients consideration whether they are old or new clients. On the off chance that they neglect to do as such, they will lose their clients. Payless likewise recruited top planners as full-time workers to head the new group and they additionally started running full-page advertisements in magazine, for example, Elle, Vogue and W, including the slogan, Look Again. This endeavors cost a great deal of cash The architects get enormous presentation, a huge client base, and the force and spending plan of a mass retailer. At the point when the originators structure the new shoes, their past supporters are neglected to follow their planners new structure. What's more, this will cause the creators difficult to get the new devotees. Another hazard for the planner is that they will lose their Job if Payless can't make due in this field. As they are turning into the full-time representatives at Payless, they are being attached with Payless agreement and it is difficult for them to discover another chance to show their ability. By contrasting the advantages and dangers, Payless remain to lose the most. In the event that the new methodology that they are executing is set to come up short, Payless will confront large issues as far as budgetary issues and their notoriety will go down. Their old clients will lose their certainty to this organization and Payless will confront liquidation. Consider the scale on which Payless works. What amount of a cost increment does Payless need to accomplish so as to make this endeavor beneficial? Value changes ought to rely upon a few components: organization costs, contenders and cost swelling. To make the stores progressively open, light, a

Bone Cancer

Bone malignant growth is bone disease, the reason is obscure. Analysts are striving to discover new ways and solutions for treating this kind of malignancy. So as to more readily see new research and new medications, some foundation data is introduced. Bone disease might be analyzed as essential or optional bone malignant growth. Essential bone disease is when bone malignant growth starts to happen. Auxiliary malignant growth is analyzed when disease starts somewhere else and spreads to bone. For instance, in the event that somebody has bosom malignancy, prostate disease, or lung disease, disease spreads deep down lastly creates bone disease, it is clarified as auxiliary bone disease. Bone malignancy is an extremely uncommon obtrusive disease that causes extensive agony in the patient's bone. Bone malignant growth is an infection that happens on or during the bones. Much of the time, bone disease normally contains tumors loaded up with strange cells showing up outside the bone. Likewise with different kinds of malignant growth, bone disease can cause a great deal of torment and conceivably perilous. My mom was analyzed as essential bone malignancy a year ago. What's more, that is a long and troublesome procedure for her and her family. Bone disease is a harmful tumor emerging from the cells that make up the bones of the body. This is otherwise called essential bone malignant growth. Essential bone tumor is a tumor that shows up in the bone tissue itself and is kindhearted or harmful (bone malignancy). Favorable kindhearted (noncancerous) tumors are more typical than bone diseases. At the point when malignant growth happens in bone, the disease happens in bone (like essential bone malignancy), or it happens in different parts and afterward moves to bone (metastasis or auxiliary metastasis to malignant growth ). Truth be told, when malignancy is distinguished in the bone it as a rule begins with another organ or part of the body and afterward spreads deep down. This disease that metastasizes deep down is named after the name of the site where the first malignant growth started (for instance, metastatic prostate disease metastasized to bone). Bosom disease, prostate malignant growth, and lung disease are kinds of tumo rs that metastasize deep down at a propelled stage. Osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most well-known type of bone malignant growth. In this kind of tumor, malignant growth cells make bones. This sort of bone malignant growth most regularly happens in kids and youngsters, bones of feet and arms. In uncommon cases, osteosarcoma may happen outside bone (exoskeleton osteosarcoma) Bone disease is an uncommon sort of malignancy got from human bone structure. Bone malignant growth can happen in each human bone, yet it ordinarily happens in the long bones of the upper appendages and lower appendages of people. A few kinds of bone malignancies are known, some influence the kids, others fundamentally influence grown-ups (Mayo Clinic, 2015, page 1). The more typical kinds of bone malignancies are: (An) osteosarcoma, a sort of threatening tumor. Bone Cancer Bone malignant growth is bone disease, the reason is obscure. Specialists are endeavoring to discover new ways and solutions for treating this sort of malignant growth. So as to all the more likely see new research and new medications, some foundation data is introduced. Bone disease might be analyzed as essential or optional bone malignant growth. Essential bone malignant growth is when bone disease starts to happen. Auxiliary disease is analyzed when malignancy starts somewhere else and spreads to bone. For instance, in the event that somebody has bosom disease, prostate malignancy, or lung malignancy, malignancy spreads deep down lastly creates bone disease, it is clarified as auxiliary bone malignancy. Bone malignancy is an extremely uncommon obtrusive disease that causes impressive torment in the patient's bone. Bone malignant growth is an infection that happens on or during the bones. By and large, bone disease as a rule contains tumors loaded up with anomalous cells showing up outside the bone. Similarly as with different sorts of malignant growth, bone disease can cause a ton of torment and possibly dangerous. My mom was analyzed as essential bone malignant growth a year ago. Furthermore, that is a long and troublesome procedure for her and her family. Bone disease is a threatening tumor emerging from the cells that make up the bones of the body. This is otherwise called essential bone malignant growth. Essential bone tumor is a tumor that shows up in the bone tissue itself and is favorable or threatening (bone malignancy). Considerate favorable (noncancerous) tumors are more typical than bone malignant growths. At the point when malignant growth happens in bone, the disease happens in bone (like essential bone malignant growth), or it happens in different parts and afterward moves to bone (metastasis or auxiliary metastasis to disease ). Indeed, when malignant growth is recognized in the bone it for the most part begins with another organ or part of the body and afterward spreads deep down. This disease that metastasizes deep down is named after the name of the site where the first malignant growth started (for instance, metastatic prostate malignant growth metastasized to bone). Bosom disease, prostate malignant growth, and lung malignant growth are sorts of tumors that metastasize deep down at a propelled stage. Osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most widely recognized type of bone malignant growth. In this sort of tumor, disease cells make bones. This kind of bone disease most regularly happens in kids and youngsters, bones of feet and arms. In uncommon cases, osteosarcoma may happen outside bone (exoskeleton osteosarcoma) Bone malignant growth is an uncommon sort of disease got from human bone structure. Bone malignant growth can happen in each human bone, however it for the most part happens in the long bones of the upper appendages and lower appendages of people. A few kinds of bone malignancies are known, some influence the kids, others principally influence grown-ups (Mayo Clinic, 2015, page 1). The more typical kinds of bone malignancies are: (An) osteosarcoma, a sort of dangerous tumor.

The Consequences of Untreated Depression in Kids

The Consequences of Untreated Depression in Kids Depression Childhood Depression Print The Consequences of Untreated Depression in Children By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Tetra Images/Getty Images If you are a parent of a child with depression, you may wonder what the likely consequences of depression are and if treatment is necessary. The reality is that depression has the potential for very serious consequences in young people, especially when left untreated. Every Child Is Different It is important to know that, though all children with depression suffer the painful emotional experience of the condition, not all children with depression will experience all of the other potential negative consequences. There is no sure way to determine which children will go on to experience them and which will not. As such, it is important to identify and treat any depression symptoms in children as soon as possible. The Consequences of Depression Consequences of depression range from mild to severe and may appear years after a depressive episode, especially when left untreated. Relationship Problems: Children with depression may begin to withdraw from friends or family. They may appear unfriendly to others or irritate them. Unfortunately, this can lead to the loss of relationships, difficulty forming and keeping new relationships and the potential for getting involved in negative or abusive future relationships.Recurrent Depression: Children who have had a depressive episode, especially those with untreated depression, are more likely to experience recurrent depressive episodes or to develop an additional mental illness.Risk-Taking and Reckless Behavior: Children who are depressed may engage in behaviors that they would otherwise avoid because they are dangerous. This can include reckless driving, vandalism, breaking the rules at school or otherwise getting in trouble with the law.Substance Abuse: For some, substance use may be a way of self-medicating to feel better or normal. Substance abuse due to childhood depression typically begins in adolescence but may start as early as age 10.Academic Decline and Failure: A common symptom of childhood depression is academic decline. When this is present and the childs depression remains untreated, the problem is likely to get worse and to be more difficult to recover from.Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors*: The most serious risk of depression is suicide. Feelings of hopelessness, isolation and worthless may lead to thoughts of suicide. Can Depression Actually Kill You? How to Help a Depressed Child All of these effects are scary and reading about them collectively might even be overwhelming for parents of a depressed child. But remember that not every child will experience the above reactions to depressions and getting your child help as soon as possible can reduce her risk. There are many treatment options that are proven safe and effective for reducing and eliminating depression in children. Talk with your childs pediatrician or other mental health providers about the best treatment option for your child. If you are unsure if your child is depressed but have concerns, it is best to consult with his pediatrician. It can be difficult to know exactly what your child is thinking or feeling, but it is always better to be safe when it comes to the well-being of your child. If your child or someone else you know is having thoughts of suicide, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255).

Karl Marx Essay - 1509 Words

KARL MARX: A CRITICAL PROFILE 1. Contribution Like Charles Darwin (1809-82), his contemporary, Karl Marx (1818-83) has had a profound impact on modern thought. This German philosopher, social scientist, and professional revolutionary formulated a theory of social change that influenced most modern forms of socialism and communism. Marx pioneered conflict theory. Motivated by a belief in human emancipation, he tried to discover a way to free people from the social, political, and economic constraints that prevent them from reaching their full potential. Marx used to say: Philosophers explain only; critical theorists translated theory into practice. 2. Early life Marx grew up in Trier, Prussia, the son of Jewish lawyer who†¦show more content†¦Eventually, the government closed the paper. After getting married in 1843, he and his wife moved to Paris; when the revolution broke out, he co-edited a radical magazine. During this period he met Friedrich Engels (1820-95), the son of a textile manufacturer, who became his life-long friend, and the two formulated what we now call Marxism. After the revolution failed, Marx went into exile, settling in London, where in extreme poverty he lived for the rest of his life. During the period 1848-83, he earned his living writing newspaper articles. He never had a steady income--now and then Engels helped him out financially. In 1848, they published the Communist Manifesto, which proved to be one of the important events in human history. In 1864, he helped establish the International Working Mens Association, an organisation dedicated to improving the life of the working classes, and preparing for a socialist revolution. Over the years, many Russian and German radicals visited him, hoping to discuss the problem of establishing communist organisations. 3. Life work As mentioned, Marx set out (a) to understand the human condition in capitalist society as he experienced it, i.e., during the 1840s; (b) to lay bare the dynamics of that society, to lift the veil on its inner working and impact on human relations, and (c) to develop a theoretical framework that wouldShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesKarl MarxKarl Marx was an influencell economist during the 1800s. Marx has his own economic theory, called Marxism. Marx, a radical Communist ideas and philosophies played important roles int the forming of Communist nations during the twentieth century. Marx’s ideas would and have influenced the course of history. Even today, well past his death his philosophies and ideas are still talked about. Marx’s ideas are captured in his book the Communist manifesto. Communism is â€Å"a theory or system ofRead MoreKarl Marx And Karl Polanyi1668 Words   |  7 PagesAdam Smith, Karl Marx and Karl Polanyi are writer of capitalism, that have influenced capitalism in different ways to making capitalism what it is today. Adam Smith known as the father of the political economy, developed the concept of the invisible hand; which explains how self-interest and competition in a free market economy, would allow economy prosperity. Another concept Smit developed is division of labour which say that jobs a business should be specialised, instead of one person having toRead MoreTheories of Karl Marx1427 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Karl Marx, also a philosopher was popularly known for his theories that best explained society, its social structure, as well as the social relationships. Karl Marx placed so much emphasis on the economic structure and how it influenced the rest of the social structure from a materialistic point of view. Human societies progress through a dialectic of class struggle, this means that the three aspects that make up the dialectic come into play, which are the thesis, antithesis and theRead MoreEssay on Karl Marx827 Words   |  4 Pages The Life of Karl Marx Karl Marx was one of the greatest thinkers ever. Studying law and philosophy, he became an important social philosopher and revolutionary. He influenced the lives of millions of people in generations well past his. A man of mystery in the democratic societies, Karl Marx led an interesting life of new ideas that would influence millions in the future. Karl Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 (Karl Marx). He was the eldest son of Heinrich and Hennrietta Marx. He was bornRead MoreEssay on karl marx2434 Words   |  10 PagesKarl Marx is one of the most reputed philosophers of the 19th Century. Born in 1818 in a middle class family, Marx studied law in Bonn and Berlin and later plunged deeper into the ideas of Hegel and Feurbach (Wheen, 2007). It is after receiving his doctorate in philosophy in 1841 from the University of Jena that he moved with his family to Paris where he became a radical revolutionary communist and teamed up with Friedrich Engels, another radical philosopher of his time. They collectively authoredRead More Karl Marx Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesher particular contribution. There are many of sociologys founding figures that have extremely well-built ideas, practices and studies that I could explore, but one renowned philosopher stands out amongst the crowd, and that person is named Karl Marx (1818-1883). In this essay I aim to explore and critically assess his ideas, theories, and studies in his contribution to sociology, and if his ideas, theories and studies are useful to this contribution to sociology. Sociology began in theRead MoreKarl Marx and Marx Weber Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Marx Weber The latter part of the nineteenth century was teeming with evolved social and economical ideas. These views of the social structure of industrial society came about through the development of ideals taken from past revolutions such as the Industrial Revolution which steamed ahead paving the way for growing commerce, and widened the gap between the classes. The developmentRead More The Life of Karl Marx1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life of Karl Marx Karl Marx was the co-author of The Communist Manifesto, along with Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto is a pamphlet that was written to let the public know how the working class was being treated, and to try to get rid of the class system that existed at the time. Marx believed that many of the workers throughout England were not being treated fairly and that something needed to be done about it. Marx explains, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is theRead MoreThe Contribution Of Karl Marx Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagescontribution of Karl Marx to the study of sociology, throughout this essay I will be discussing what Marxism is, how Marxism has affected today’s society as well as academics that did not agree with Marx’s theories. Marxism is the social and economic system based on the theories of Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels. Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818, Marx studied law and Berlin University but later changed to philosophy until finally perusing his interest in journalism. When Marx finished hisRead More Karl Marx Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesas a bad thing. Karl Marx would disagree. He formed the basic ideas of communism in his writings. He argued that communism was the eventual government that formed out of many unsuccessful governments. Many modern communists either use his ideas or use parts of his ideas to form their own. Karl Marx is the true father of communism. Marx was born in Trier, Prussia on May 5, 1818 (Beales). His family was Jewish, but his father converted the family to Protestantism when Marx was born. When he

Differentiating Between Market Structures - 1766 Words

Differentiating between Market Structures Jessika Canales Dà ­az ECO /365 08/28/2010 Instructor: SR. Carlos Mà ©ndez David Differentiating between Market Structures In this simulation, the learner studies the cost and revenue curves in different market structures perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, or oligopoly faced by a freight transportation company, and makes decisions to maximize profits or to minimize losses. The simulation also deals with the concept of Prisoner’s Dilemma and the price war scenario in a duopoly. Road, railroad, air transport, and water transport are crucial to a country needs. Food farm products, consumer’s goods, raw materials for industry coal for electric lumber for constructions,†¦show more content†¦Though the market demand curve is downward sloping, each seller perceives the individual demand curve facing them to be perfectly elastic at the given price. Given this demand curve and their cost structures, sellers try to produce an output at which they can maximize profits. Profit is maximized for each seller at the output where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). This is the output at which the difference between total revenue and total cost is the maximum. In perfect competition, price equals marginal revenue for each seller. This is because the fixed price per unit is the revenue for each seller. This is because the fixed price per unit is the revenue that the seller can expect to earn by selling an additional unit of output. Thus, the profit-maximizing condition becomes PMR=MC. Given the Consumer Goods Division’s cost structures, you are incurring losses at every level of output you can produce. However, you are still able to recover your variable costs by continuing operations. If you were to stop production, you would incur losses equal to your fixed costs, which are higher than if you were to continue production. Therefore, it is better for you to continue operations. You will notice that the average variable cost (AVC) curv e lies below the price for most output levels, while the average total cost (ATC) curve lies above the price. This shows that at the market price, you are able to cover your variable costs, but not your fixed costs. IfShow MoreRelatedDifferentiating Between Market Structures And The Market Structure1239 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Arthur Levitt once wrote, â€Å"Our markets have not achieved their greatest successes as a result of government fiat, but rather through the efforts of competing interests working to meet the demands of investors and to fulfill the promises posed by advancing technology.(Arthur, Levitt. (2015)) The competitive nature of an industry is what drives our markets throughout the world. An industry consists of all firms making similar or identical products. McDonald’sRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1598 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Jennifer Lavallee ECO/365 May 27, 2013 Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which companies react. This means that there are different kinds of market structure based on how companies work together within a particular industry. Location and product have the most to do with determining the market structure. There are four defined market types. The first market structure is called the perfectly competitive market. TheRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1692 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Using the virtual organization of Kudler Fine Foods, evaluations will be made to determine market structure and competitiveness. Kudler Fine Foods current strategic plan for 2003, marketing overview, and market surveys will provide information to evaluate how Kudler competes in its market and where its strengths and weaknesses are located. Based on the evaluation of Kudler Fine Foods an applicable market structure will be determined and the structures effectsRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1924 Words   |  8 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Alana Campbell, Dale Fortune, Katrina Beyah, Leonard Cooper University of Phoenix ECO/212 Principles of Economics Donnetta McAdoo December 5, 2011 Differentiating Between Market Structures To understand the economy of today one must understand the different market structures that make up the economy. There are four market structures that define the economic structure within the world’s economy; perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competitionRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1910 Words   |  8 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Don Peterson ECO/365 February 2, 2015 Elena Zee Differentiating Between Market Structures A market structure in economics describes the state of a market with respect to its competition. There exist several different market structures like perfect competition, oligopoly, and monopolies among others. These markets all produce different types of goods or services, like public and private goods as well as common and collective goods. Firms operatingRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1134 Words   |  5 PagesDiffereantiating Between Market Structures Identify  the market structure in which this organization competes. Clearly indicate why the market structure was decided upon and how this market structure differentiates from the other alternatives.   MARKET STRUCTURE The interconnected characteristics of a market, such as the number and relative strength of buyers and sellers and degree of collusion among them, level and forms of competition, extent of product differentiation, and ease of entryRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating between Market Structures The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms in the market, the existence or otherwise of barriers to entry of new firms, and the interdependence among firms in determining pricing and output to maximize profits. The author of this paper will cover: the advantages and limitation of supply and demand identified in the simulation, the effectiveness of the organization in which the author knows, and how the organizations in each market structureRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures ECO/365 Principles of Microeconomics August 30, 2012 Differentiating Between Market Structures Retail sales are indicators of microeconomic conditions presented in a given area at a particular place in time. Since Sam Walton opened his first Wal-Mart store, Wal-Mart has been making ripples throughout the micro economies of America. Wal-Mart’s market structure is typical of most of our nation’s largest corporations in that they are an oligopoly (BrownRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Yvonne C Rivera ECO/365 May 16, 2013 Paul de la Pena Abstract There are many TV service providers available in the U.S; however there are only two companies that offer services via satellite. Dish operates within the monopolistic competition market. Dish has been in business since the early 1980’s and has gradually worked its way up to become one of the leading satellite provider and innovator of new technology. In 2013 they offer service to overRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler1022 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler ECO365 â€Å"Kudler Fine Foods was established in 1998 when Kathy Kudler fulfilled her vision of establishing her own gourmet food store. The La Jolla store continues to grow while the Del Mar store has been having some difficulties. The store in Encinitas has just opened, but sales seem brisk.† (Apollo, 2011, Strategic Plan, p. 3) The owner works 7 days a week and performs many jobs from purchasing to stocking shelves. Kudler Fine Foods sees

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. - 1136 Words

Explain what is meant by: a) Diversity- Diversity is about valuing individual difference. So diversity is much more than just a new word for equality. A diversity approach aims to recognise, value and manage difference to enable all employees to contribute and realise their full potential. Diversity challenges us to recognise and value all sorts of differences in order to make our environment a better place for everyone to work b) Equality- Equality is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it recognises that their needs are met in different ways. Equality focuses on those areas covered by the law, namely the key areas of race, gender,†¦show more content†¦I would then wipe the knee with a wet tissue, record the accident on a accident form, inform the parent of the child about the accident, get them to sign the form and then keep it in the accident folder. Incidents If an incident was to happen in the setting, it would be reported to a senior member of staff. The staff would then deal with the incident. It would be recorded on an incident form which would be signed by a witness and by a parent. The incident form is then kept in an incident folder which is kept safely and is easily accessible to the staff members. Emergency In the case of an emergency occurring in the setting the following procedure would take place: E.g Fire drill (Real or practice) * Upon hearing the fire drill, children and staff leave what they are doing, quietly and sensibly make their way the nearest fire exit. * A member of staff takes the register, usually a senior. The rest of the staff usher the children out to the fire assembly point. * A head count of the children is done as children exit the building * When children line up at the fire assembly point a head count is taken and the register is completed. * If there is no real fire, the staff can take the children back to the setting when an all clear is given by the head teacher. * The children are recounted when they return to the setting. In the event of a real fire, the staff and children would remain at the fireShow MoreRelatedEquality Diversity Inclusion1538 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Explain what is meant by. Equality Equality is treating people fairly and making sure that everyone is given a fair chance and that their individual needs are met. It’s about giving all sections of the community equal access to employment, education and other services that are provided whilst valuing and respecting them. 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This essay serves to explore the struggles as well as progress the Australian Defense Force has facilitated with its LGBTQ officers, and to analyze the current state of equality and inclusionRead MoreEssay on Champion Equality Diversity and Inclusion3510 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿HARROW COLLEGE HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE QCF: Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England Unit CU 2943 Champion Equality, Diversity and Inclusion YOUR ANSWERS MUST BE YOUR OWN WORK. If you wish to introduce other sources of information, this must be referenced This workbook meets the following assessment criteria for the unit : Assessment criteria Achieved Date 1.1 √ 23/10/13 1.3 √ 23/10/13 3.1 √ Read MoreEssay on : Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion1752 Words   |  8 PagesTDA 3.6: Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people 1. Be able to promote equality and diversity in work with young people. 1.1 Identify the current legislation and code of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. SEN code of practice 2001 This act was created to strengthen the rights of SEN children and their parents to a mainstream education. The act was designed to make a difference to the education of SEN childrenRead MoreThe Importance of Promoting Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Schools1032 Words   |  5 Pagesfollow assessment will have a brief description of the importance of inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people. And it also contains an exploration of how our own attitudes, values and behaviour may lead to that inclusive practice, how to challenge discrimination and how to promote some important anti-discriminatory and inclusive practices. First of all is important to define what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practice. 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Description Of The Proposed project Of HIA †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Description Of The Proposed project Of HIA. Answer: Introduction The HIA project will provide a description of the proposed project. It will identify the significant health impacts of the proposed project by comparing the existing situation with the situation before the development is being carried out. It will also give an idea about the stakeholders that will be involved in the process, the decision making planning along with possible sets of recommendations. The report also provides the checklists used for the screening followed by evaluation of the procedures. Project Description Tobacco consumption is the most leading cause of death and diseases in Australia, hence reducing the consumption of tobacco and exposure to second hand smoke is a sole priority for the government (Lecours et al. 2012). In account to this, the standing commitee of the Australian government has proposed the National tobacco strategy 2012- 2018, to reduce any tobacco related harm in the environment (Nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au, 2018). This project mainly focuses on raising awareness among the people regarding the ill effects of tobacco consumption, establishment of the measures or limiting the interactions with the tobacco industry and ensuring the transparency of very interactions with the government, avoidance of any conflict of interests among the government officials and the employees. This HIA project will assess the credibility of the measures taken up in this strategy. Preliminary plan for the methods and procedures The plan for the scoping of an HIA can be stated as follows: Determining the appropriate level of the HIA to be conducted. Establishing the HIA team Identifying the impacts of the activity and the health related outcomes. Creating an HIA work plan Screening A justification for the level of HIA to be conducted The different levels of the HIA that would be conducted are the Intermediate HIA that will be able to review the evidences available regarding any other HIA related to this topic. It will involve the involvement of the different stakeholders and the time frame would be about 3-6 months. The scoping report will assess the strategies that have been taken up for reducing the tobacco consumption. The scoping will confirm all the taken strategies, identify and confirm the preferred activities and the alternative technologies. The HIA assessment will be able to identify the key issues identified in the impact assessment phase. The HIA assessment will be able to assess the whether the involvement of the mass media are actually being able to provide messages to the youths vulnerable to smoking. Stakeholders involved The stakeholders would be the any proponent or competent authority, the HIA administering body. The HIA administering body will be able to oversee and establish the procedural requirement for the scoping. Other stakeholders involve the HIA practitioners and the experts who may directly work for the agencies that are involved or as consultants. Other important stakeholders would be the public, who are affected by the proposal. By involving the masses, scoping assists in building the confidence in the HIA process. Preliminary plan for the decision making and recommendation Decision making Crosschecking the policy strategies with the probable feed backs of the public and the outcomes Tallying the outcomes with the baseline data Identifying the crucial portion of the policies that have actually not been addressed but was mentioned officially To recommend the possible measures to fill up the gap left in the National tobacco strategy. Some of the important factors have to be considered while making the decision making process. It is necessary to access the prevalence of the secondary school smokers with the previous years data. Furthermore it is necessary to keep an overview of the smoking prevalence in the states and the territories and the changes in the daily smoking status of the Australians. Recommendations According to the reports the Australian smoking rates had fallen to a considerable level both in the aboriginal population of Australia and the non-indigenous population during the period 1995 to 2014-15 (Abs.gov.au, 2018). In spite of the National Tobacco strategy, the estimated annual decrease has not significantly changed for the last few years. Furthermore the smoking rates among the teenagers have also increased (Banks et al. 2015). In order to bring about a considerable change in the smoking rates, emphasis should be put certain steps:- Imposing strict penalties of purchasing or selling of the cigarettes below the age of 18. Strict vigilance on the college campuses and high school. More media involvement of media in creating the awareness among the public (Bero 2003). Ban on tobacco advertising (World Health Organization, 2013) High amount of tobacco taxes (Chaloupka et al. 2012) Creating more awareness campaigns regarding the ill effects of tobacco. Preliminary plan for the evaluation, monitoring and follow up steps of the HIA-200 A scoping process that is custom tailored will include a profile of the community or the environment that is likely to be affected. The following things have to be addressed:- The geographical area and the time frame The institutional framework or the policy under which the HIA will be conducted Allocation of the resources and the responsibilities. Existing sources of information, constraints on the methodology. Modification of the design and the selection of the alternatives. Description of the screening tools used Screening of HIA involved the following steps:- Forming a core planning team Identifying the organizational capacity and context Reviewing the health determinants and the health impacts. The screening checklist may be used for assessing the HIA proposal. Health determinant Negative impacts Positive impacts Affected population Individual health behaviors Community factors Livelihood factors The following questions can be evaluated after the screening has been completed:- Has the National tobacco strategy been useful in reducing the public consumption of the tobacco? Could the strategy reduce the amount of exposure to the tobacco smoking? Has the policy helped some of the smokers to quit? Could the policy induce smoke place workplaces and other public places? Conclusion The National Tobacco strategy has been successful to some extent as the rates of tobacco consumption have decreased over the years. Yet there are many gaps left to be filled. It is necessary to decrease the prevalence of the smoking rates among the high school students and the Torrent Strait Islanders. In order to adopt more stringent governmental laws against the tobacco purchase and trade. The HIA assessment further helps to understand that there should be more awareness campaign supported by the media to educate the vulnerable group about the ill effects of Tobacco. References Abs.gov.au. (2018).4737.0 - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples: Smoking Trends, Australia, 1994 to 2014-15. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4737.0~1994%20to%202014-15~Main%20Features~Smoking%20Prevalence~10 [Accessed 3 Feb. 2018]. Banks, E., Joshy, G., Weber, M.F., Liu, B., Grenfell, R., Egger, S., Paige, E., Lopez, A.D., Sitas, F. and Beral, V., 2015. Tobacco smoking and all-cause mortality in a large Australian cohort study: findings from a mature epidemic with current low smoking prevalence.BMC medicine,13(1), p.38. Bero, L., 2003. Implications of the tobacco industry documents for public health and policy.Annual review of public health,24(1), pp.267-288. Chaloupka, F.J., Yurekli, A. and Fong, G.T., 2012. Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy.Tobacco control,21(2), pp.172-180. Hemphill, S.A., Heerde, J.A., Herrenkohl, T.I., Toumbourou, J.W. and Catalano, R.F., 2012. The impact of school suspension on student tobacco use: a longitudinal study in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States.Health Education Behavior,39(1), pp.45-56. Lecours, N., Almeida, G.E., Abdallah, J.M. and Novotny, T.E., 2012. Environmental health impacts of tobacco farming: a review of the literature.Tobacco control,21(2), pp.191-196. Nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au. (2018).National Drug Strategy - National Tobacco Strategy 2012-2018. [online] Available at: https://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/national_ts_2012_2018_html [Accessed 3 Feb. 2018]. World Health Organization, 2013.WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013: enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. World Health Organization.

Animal Rights Activists and Racism

One of the post-industrial discourse’s foremost aspects is that, as time goes on, more and more people in Western countries declare their formal willingness to cease assessing the significance of the surrounding reality’s emanations exclusively through the perceptual lenses of euro-centrism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Animal Rights’ Activists and Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, there a number of good reasons to think that the people’s endowment with the perceptual euro-centrism (reflected by their predisposition towards criticizing the ‘moral inappropriateness’ of non-Western patterns of a societal behavior), is not merely the byproduct of their upbringing. Rather, the Westerners’ obsession with landing their views on the morality-related controversial subject matters should be regarded as such that reveals the hypocritical and deep ly racist workings of their unconscious psyche. In order to illustrate the legitimacy of the earlier suggestion, one would not have to go far. After all, it does not represent much of a secret that, while striving to protect animals from being subjected to cruel treatments, the so-called ‘animal rights’ activists (consisting of predominantly White people), go as far as defining the practice of eating dogs utterly ‘barbaric’. Yet, since being a ‘barbarian’ presupposes the concerned individual’s cognitive arrogance and his or her lack of intellectual flexibility, it would be so much more appropriate to apply the term ‘barbarians’ to those who, while finding it appropriate to consume the flesh of pigs, cows and chickens, scream ‘bloody murder’ over the fate of dogs, eaten in Chinese restaurants. The reason for this is apparent – one’s ability to exercise a particular social right (such as the right of not being eaten) implies his or her ability to secure it. Rights are not given but taken. What it means is that animals cannot have ‘rights’, by definition. On a subconscious level, the ‘animal rights’ activists are being well aware of it. This is because, despite having adopted the posture of particularly ‘progressive’ individuals, reflected by their tendency to drink gallons of ‘organic’ coffee at Starbucks, to hug trees and to practice ‘alternative’ sex-styles; these people never cease being whom they really are, in the biological sense of this word – Caucasians, endowed with the so-called ‘Faustian’ mentality (Greenwood 53).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In its turn, being ‘Faustian’ presupposes the concerned individual’s unconscious strive towards subjectualizing itse lf within the environment and consequentially – towards assuming a full control over the surrounding reality. This is exactly the reason why, as opposed to what it is being the case with people endowed with the ‘Apollonian’ (Oriental) mentality (known for their ability to coexist with nature peacefully), the White people’s attitude towards the nature has always been marked by their willingness to exploit it in just about every imaginable way. Do we (Whites) want to have hundreds of different kinds of fishes in supermarkets? Then we design truly effective fish-catching methods, made even more effective by the mean of relying on satellites to track the movements of the shoals in the ocean. Do we want to be able to choose from thousands of different types of sausages? Then we invent chemicals that facilitate the cows’ growth. Are our crops appearing endangered by mice? Then we use other chemicals to exterminate mice, etc. Nevertheless, while being thor oughly comfortable with the idea that it is fully appropriate to exploit the ‘eatable’ representatives of the animal kingdom, the ‘animal rights’ activists deny the same right to those, who due to the specifics of their ethno-cultural affiliation, consider dogs eatable. As the main justification of their stance, in this respect, Western ‘animal lovers’ refer to the dogs’ socially upheld status of pets. Apparently, these people believe that pets are just too cute to be used as food. Yet, the notion of ‘cuteness’ is utterly subjective – whereas, some people consider dogs very cute, others prefer to assign ‘cuteness’ to crocodiles and snakes. However, despite the fact that this suggestion cannot be referred to as anything but self-evident, the ‘animal rights’ activists nevertheless continue to insist that eating dogs is a taboo. Why would it be the case? This is because, even though that these p eople’s stance on the issue is being formally concerned with the protection of animals they consider pets, their actual agenda is different – while imposing their highly subjective views (in regards to which animals may be defined pets) upon others, the ‘animal rights’ activists are able to derive an emotional pleasure out of the process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Animal Rights’ Activists and Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, it reinforces their latently racist conviction that they are indeed superior beings, in charge of bringing the ‘light of civilization’ to savages – pure and simple. Had this not been the case, we would be able to draw parallels between today’s ‘animal rights’ activists and the Nazis. Yet, these parallels are obvious. After all, the Nazis were also obsessed with the protection of ‘c ute pets’, while passing laws that provided lengthy sentences in jail for those they considered animal-abusers. As Silberman noted, â€Å"Germany passed its first Animal Protection Law in 1936 under the Nazi regime of Adolph Hitler, who expressed his great love for animals† (166). Simultaneously, the Nazis were introducing other laws, according to which, Jews could not be considered fully human, which in turn created objective preconditions for the people, which Nazis considered ‘social parasites’, to be murdered en mass. In a similar manner, the self-indulgent protectors of animals’ ‘rights’ find it fully appropriate to set on fire Chinese restaurants, where the dog’s meat is believed to be served, without giving any thought to the possibility that such their activities may well result in the deaths of many innocent people. This simply could not be otherwise – just as the Nazis used to refuse to recognize the humanity of Jews, Western ‘animal rights’ activists refuse to recognize the humanity of dog-eaters, especially given the visually observed ‘otherness’ of the latter. Therefore, there is nothing utterly odd about the fact that, while advocating the cause of animal protection, PETA’s (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) activists often cannot help exposing their deep-seated racism. For example, they found it fully appropriate to compare the mistreatment of domestic animals in today’s America with the mistreatment of Black slaves during the course of the 19th century, which means that on a subconscious level, the ‘animal rights’ activists believe that Black people are not fully human (Zenitha A1).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, it will not be much of an exaggeration, on our part, to suggest once again that the Westerners’ obsession with the protection of ‘cute animals’, reflected by their objection to the idea that dogs can be eaten, is being subliminal of these people’s deep-seated racism. After all, it is a well known fact that many White ‘animal rights’ activists also never get tired of proclaiming their adherence to the ideals of multiculturalism. This, however, does not prevent them from preferring to reside in the racially secluded ‘white suburbia’. Apparently, even though that these people do in fact consider themselves open-minded, this is far from being the de facto case. We can even hypothesize that by applying a great effort into promoting the idea that eating dogs is morally wrong, the ‘animal rights’ activists simply explore their subliminal anxieties, regarding the societal implications of their racial self-identity. Bein g deprived of their predecessors’ existential vitality (it is very rare for White parents to have more than one child in the family), today’s Whites realize themselves increasingly incapable of applying any active measures to assure their continual mastery in Western countries. This is the reason why more and more of them tend to indulge in the different forms of a social escapism, such as participating in the ‘animal rights’ movement, for example. Therefore, when assessed from a psychoanalytical perspective, these people’s preoccupation with protecting ‘cute pets’ appears to be nothing but the extrapolation of their deep-seated existential insecurity. In other words, by denying ‘barbarians’ the right to consume dogs as food, the ‘animal rights’ activists expose themselves self-righteous and psychologically weak decadents. What it means that the fallaciousness of these people’s claims, related to what th ey consider the appropriate/inappropriate ways to treat domestic animals, cannot only be illustrated within the context of what appears to be their ill-concealed racist agenda, but also within the context of the Darwinian laws of evolution. The reason for this is simple – people who have grown weak and decadent, are being in no position to expect that their ethical views on the treatment of animals represent a discursively legitimate value. I believe that the provided line of argumentation, in regards to the subject matter in question, fully correlates with the paper’s initial thesis. Works Cited Greenwood, Susan. Anthropology of Magic. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2009. Print. Silberman, Morton. â€Å"Animal Welfare, Animal Rights: The Past, the Present, and the 21st Century.† The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 19.4 (1988): 161-167. Print. Zenitha, Prince. â€Å"PETA Generates Outrage: Equating Blacks with Mistreated Animals.† Afro – American [Baltimo re, Md] 27 Aug. 2005: A1. Print. This essay on ‘Animal Rights’ Activists and Racism was written and submitted by user Reece Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Essays

Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Essays Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Paper Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Paper As shown above, the layout of the ceiling contains several scenes from the Bible. Down the centre is the book of Genesis incorporating the narrative of creative activity, the ruin of humanity and the narrative of Noah. Get downing at the entryway of the chapel farthest from the communion table begins the narrative of creative activity depicted within three subdivisions. This subdivision of the bible refers to God making the Earth and its contents in merely 6 yearss. The Earth that was created was perfect in every manner. The first of the three subdivisions in the creative activity series is the first twenty-four hours of creative activity. This shows God dividing visible radiation from dark. Traveling along in sequence the following piece shows God creates the Sun, the Moon, and workss. Finally, he separates the land and H2O to stop the narrative of creative activity. ( Bible ) The following set of panels that runs down the centre of the chapel is the creative activity of Adam. After God had created the perfect universe this scene depicts him making the first adult male. The creative activity of Adam is a really popular piece within the set of frescos done in the Sistine chapel. Many thoughts have been put out about different things seen in the image. The image depicts God as an elderly adult male with an outstretched arm towards Adam. Adam is in a mirror place making as to accept the gift that God is showing, the gift of life. Some guesss are that the form behind God is that of the human encephalon that is anatomically right and that his clock was shaped like a womb with the green scarf being a newly cut umbilical cord. It is known that cherished to this work Michelangelo had done extended research on the human anatomy and was familiar with it. The 2nd panel shows the creative activity of Eve. The concluding panel in this series shows the enticement and su bsequent rejection from Eden. ( Bible ) The last series is the three narratives of Noah. This subdivision is non in order as told in the bible. The first scene shows Noah in the background with his married woman while sheep are being killed as a forfeit after their safe rescue. The following scene depicts the inundation which is evidently out of order but Michelangelo wanted to utilize a larger subdivision for the inundation. This scene shows Noah and his household safe on land and shows another big figure of people seeking urgently to acquire to safety. Completing this series is Noah s inebriation. The narrative behind this scene is one time Noah and his household were safe they began to work the land. Noah so grew vines which can be seen in the piece. He so becomes rummy and exposes himself to his kids who so cover him with a cover. This trilogy shows that unlike the original creative activity, worlds are now far from flawlessness. ( Bible ) Around the borders of the ceiling along the spinal column Michelangelo added 12 apparently irrelative figures to the 9 panels picturing narratives from the book of Genesis. These people represented the coming of Christ. It was uncommon for females to be included in these types of pictures due to the deficiency in female theoretical accounts. Included in this set of 12 people seven were work forces ( Prophetss ) and five were adult females ( sibyls ) . Each of the 12 figures is placed in an alternating form down the spinal column of the ceiling and is adorned with a marble plaque. Besides seen in these images are little kids normally in braces. These kids are called putti. The putto is a usually depicted as a little chubby kid with wings and is frequently seen with immortals. The Prophetss and sibyls included in the work are: Jonah, Jeremiah, Persian Sibyl, Ezekiel, Erythraean Sibyl, Joel, Zechariah, Delphic Sibyl, Isaiah, Cumaean Sibyl, Daniel, and Libyan Sibyl. ( Bible ) Traveling outward from the spinal column of the ceiling is the overleaping compartments. The compartments contain the ascendants of Christ. Get downing at the top right of Figure 1 and traveling in a counter clockwise way is: Josias, Ezekias, Asa, Jesse, Salmon, Roboam, Ozias, and Zorobabel. Finally, in the corners of the ceiling are word pictures of four scriptural narratives. The infinites in which these pieces were painted in were irregular shaped. With his superior artistic ability he was able to convey the narratives without any via media the dramatics as seen in David and Goliath. With the white collapsible shelter in the background he painted the shirt of David blue utilizing white contemplations to pull the oculus to David s arm on Goliaths caput giving a sense of action. Directly across from David and Goliath are Judith and Holofernes. In the foreground of this piece are two adult females who seem to stand out against the wall behind them in contrast to the dark gap to the r ight. In the white frock, Judith is shown in the act of puting a sheet over the caput of Holofernes which the other adult female had placed on a tray on top of her caput. Traveling down the image of figure 1 is the Brazen Serpent. This piece shows the Hebrewss after being plagued with toxicant serpents. Images of the dead to the right passages from dark to light and leads to the chief focal point of this image which is the snake on the staff. After they asked God what to make to salvage them they were told to manner this snake on the staff and when person was bitten to look at the staff and they would be healed. The concluding corner contained the Punishment of Haman. Haman s secret plan to hold all the Jews killed was revealed by his married woman and was hung. On the left side of the image shows Haman s married woman uncovering his secret plan. Dividing the image is a door manner that Mordacia is sitting outside of as Haman is conveying him vesture. ( Bible ) During the planning phases of the decorating of the ceiling the Pope requested that the image tally in a rhythm that displayed his apostolic authorization by making the nexus get downing signifier Moses through Christ to Peter. This so gave an optical hereditary line of the Catholic Pope s authorization given to him by God. The portrayal of the Catholic Popes starts with Peter but is non in chronological order and organize a zigzag form. There are besides works that adorn the walls but seem to acquire overshadowed by the magnitude of the ceiling by the populace who come to see the plants. Layout of Sistine Chapel Ceiling. Chart. Wikipedia. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sistine_chapel_ceiling_diagram_of_areas.PNG Sistine Chapel. Sacred Sites at Sacred Destinations. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-sistine-chapel The Sistine Chapel ceiling was painted antecedently by Piero Matteo dAmelia with a blue background being the sky with stars speckled in. In 1508 the Pope called on sculpturer Michelangelo to repaint it. At the clip Michelangelo was working on the Catholic Pope s grave. He did non at first accept the offer because he had considered himself a sculpturer. The Catholic Pope so demanded that he make it giving him no pick. At first the Catholic Pope asked that he paint the Twelve Apostles and so add a few cosmetic characteristics. Since he was being forced to make the piece Michelangelo made the design from his ain artistic vision. The terminal consequence of his design was over 300 figures throughout the whole of the ceiling separated into several subdivisions each stating a narrative. He started the undertaking in 1508 and the disclosure of the work was October 31, 1512. The picture was non complete at the clip but the Catholic Pope was ready for the universe to see the astonishing creat ive activity. BibleGateway.com. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.biblegateway.com/ The Sistine Chapel. Art and the Bible. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.artbible.info/art/sistine-chapel.html Throughout the Sistine Chapel works, all pieces have a representation from the bible. Chiefly the ceiling tells the narrative of Genesis. Through the centre 9 panels tell the narrative of Creation, Adam and Eve, and Noah. These panels are separated into 3 subdivisions each incorporating 3 panels. Around the centre subdivision lunettes above the Windowss was devoted to the ascendants of Jesus. In between these were images of Prophetss and sibyls numbering 12. Last, decorating the four corners of the ceiling were four good known narratives of the bible. The first narrative is David and Goliath screening David over Goliath. Traveling right from Figure 1 is Judith and Holofernes demoing Judith covering the cut off caput of Holofernes while he lay on a tabular array behind her. Traveling down is Moses and the bronze snake. This image shows the serpent staff that God told the people to make in order to salvage themselves from the toxicant serpents. The last of the four images is Haman bein g denounced and so hanged demoing Mordacia sitting outside of the door that Haman is go outing to give him his royal garments. In the left corner is Haman s married woman exposing his program to kill all the Jews.

Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Company - Essay Example Laws on incorporation and existence of business entities, and interaction between persons are other elements of the legal system that the company must identify before entering to a market. Political stability and political goodwill to foster economic growth are the elements of political systems that the company must consider before venturing into a market (Butterworth-Heinemann n.p.). Egypt’s political system identifies a powerful executive arm of the government that has authority over local government and the legislature. The president makes major appointments and has power to dissolve the parliament. The legal system identifies an independent judiciary (International Business Publications 32, 33). Unlike Egypt, Mexico has a decentralized political system in which other levels of the government and local and international private stakeholders participates in decision making processes. The legal system also has a formal structure that identifies consistency and effectiveness (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 94). Vietnam has a similar monopolistic political system to Egypt and a highly regulated legal system that aims at protecting the political system (Gillespie and Chen 17). The political and legal system in Egypt and Vietnam would require Spyder Active Sports to research on trends in the governments’ control of the economy a nd the government’s injustices to business organizations before venturing into the markets. This will derail plans to venture into the two economies while the political and legal system in Mexico identifies strong legal system and a democratic political system that safeguards interests of private stakeholders and would facilitate faster venture into the

Distribution of Justice in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distribution of Justice in America - Essay Example From the report it is clear that the consequence of the distribution and maldistribution of justice under the Bill of Rights to the corporation is the rise of the global corporate empires with vast powers. This causes a threat to the democracy of America and the entire well-being of every citizen of America. American corporations and globalization are echoed as the best hope for democracy and prosperity in America. Though, this is hindered by the huge size of global firms and markets, lack of accountability and single-minded profit making and seeking. This, therefore, fails to distribute justice fairly because of, domination of corporations with a deteriorating economy and financially deep instability. This, therefore, creates a dangerous planetary environment. As the discussion highlights distribution and maldistribution of justice in America also occurs through the racial justice, affirmative action. In the long awaited Fisher decision, the Supreme Court allowed the use of race pre ferences in college admissions as part of the program of affirmative action. In the early years, United States understood and practiced educational affirmative action in a more rectifactory way and justice oriented. Justice is maldistributed since in some colleges in America, only a certain race can be admitted and successfully complete their education. In the same colleges, maldistribution of justice does not only happen in admission, but also in hiring context.

Autistic Spectrum Disorder And Offending Behaviour Psychology Essay

Autistic Spectrum Disorder And Offending Behaviour Psychology Essay Speculation is evident within both popular media and scientific literature regarding a possible association in the relationship between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour. The possible presence of antisocial and criminal behaviour in a sub-sample of individuals with Asperger syndrome has been of high interest to both psychological research and the general public. The research reviewed within this study suggests that people with Autistic spectrum disorders are potentially over-represented within the criminal justice system. However an accurate prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Asperger Syndrome both within the general population and the criminal justice system is yet to be established as findings between studies are varied. It has been suggested that an individual with Autistic Spectrum disorder who has offending behaviour will be more likely to commit violent, sexual or arson-related crime however there is limited research to support this. Additionally it d oes appear that certain characteristics such as co-morbid psychiatric symptoms are important risk factors Introduction Debbaudt (2004) described how individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder are seven times more likely to experience contact with the criminal justice system than the general population. Howlin (2004) argues that the perceived link between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour can be explained by sensational media reporting. Specific stories have highlighted the Asperger syndrome status of offenders in their reports of crime. However the apparent association with offending has been generated by sensationalised, unsubstantiated in diagnostic terms , media reports. News headlines such as Autistic Boy killed baby brother, Apergers Boy locked up for Rape and A 15 year-old boy with Aspergers Syndrome ahs been locked up for an indeterminate period for raping an 8 year-old boy and photographing the attack can be extremely harmful to peoples perceptions of ASD (BBC News, 2001, BBC News, 2007a, Birmingham Post 2007). The purpose of this article is to review what literature is available relating to Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Offending Behaviour. Specifically this article will review what is meant by Autistic Spectrum Disorder, the prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder within the Criminal Justice System, prevalence of offending behaviour in offenders with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, the characteristics of Autistic Spectrum Disorder that might make individuals more vulnerable to offending and the types of crime most associated with the disorder. Additionally there will be a focus on the relevant treatment and policy implications for clinicians and support staff working with this unique population. In order to identify all known studies investigating the relationship between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour a search was conducted of the databases Psych Info, Academic Search Complete and Google Scholar using the key terms Autis* and Crim*, Asperg* and Offen* within the parameters of 1985 to current issues. A search was also conducted regarding News and popular media sites using the key words of Autism, Asperger, offend/offending and Crime. All of the studies are organised in Table 1. Defining Autistic Spectrum Disorders Before examining prevalence rates it is important to define what is meant by Autistic Spectrum Disorder. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV) (APA, 1994) categories of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are autistic disorder, Asperger Syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). The criteria (DSM-IV) for Autistic Spectrum Disorder include a core triad of impairments. These are impairments in social interaction, social communication and social imagination including restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities. There is variance in diagnostic criteria for Asperger syndrome between DSM-IV and ICD-10. The term Autistic Spectrum Disorder is widely accepted in research and literature. The idea of the autistic spectrum is clinically useful as it illustrates the variation in symptomatology both among and within each diagnostic category. This range can include mild to very severe symptoms in each of the areas of impairment that categorise Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Those on the lower functioning end of the spectrum, such as those with classic autism, may never learn to talk using words, struggle to develop or maintain meaningful relationships and have very ritualistic/obsessional behaviour. Those on the higher functioning end of the spectrum, such as those with AS may have IQ within the average range, be verbally fluent and can be capable of leading independent lives given some support. The majority of literature regarding the relationship between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour has focused on individuals of whom have a diagnosis or show indicators of Asperger syndrome. Langstrom et al (2009) explored characteristrics associated with violent offending among individuals diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorders over a 13 year period taking information from swedish national registers. They found that criminal violence was more common among participants diagnosed with Asperger syndrome relative to participants with autistic disorder. They attributed this factor to the reasoning that those with Asperger syndrome are more likely to have unimpaired intellectual ability, better social skills. It was also concluded that those with Autistic disorder are more likely to live in supervised settings where staff or others may help to resolve conflicts or manage anger. The fact that research study examines both autistic spectrum disorder and Asperger syndrome m ake drawing conclusions and comparisons extremely difficult. Asperger syndrome is defined as a condition which has many features of Autistic Spectrum Disorder however it is displayed in persons of average or above average intelligence. Gillberg (2002) describes features such as a tendency to engage in monologues or special interests around narrow interests, limited or inappropriate non-verbal communication and a compulsive need for routine. The term Theory of Mind has been used to describe the psychological dysfunction underlying the triad of impairments shared by all people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (Wing, 1996). Theory of mind describes the ability to be able to put oneself in the position of another and be able to appreciate their feelings, wants and wishes. This inability to empathise and put yourself in someone elses shoes means that those with Asperger syndrome, like those with other forms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder, are unable to judge the probable actions or responses of others (Browning Caulfield, 2011). Many studies support the view that the majority of those with Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Asperger syndrome are law abiding and that very few engage in illicit criminalised behaviour. The very features of AS mean that the vast majority of this section of the population are very pedantic in their adherence to the law due to their literal thinking (Wing, 1997, Murrie et al. 2002, Myers, 2004). It may be that speculative assumptions that those with Autistic Spectrum Disorders or Asperger syndrome possess a greater propensity towards violent criminality is generated through media reporting and both factual and fictional film, television and radio. There are relatively few people in the public eye with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder however the reporting of rare acts of violence within the media is potentially harmful serving only to assist in the creation of inaccurate perceptions of affected individuals ( Browning Caulfield, 2011). An accurate prevalence of Asperger syndrome within the general population is yet to be established as findings between studies are varied. Research has indicated the prevalence of Asperger syndrome to be between 2 and 60 per 10,000 (Gillberg 1991, Wing 1996). Murphy, (2003) reported that there is evidence that 3-4 in every 100 children may develop Aspergers syndrome and there is general agreement that the prevalence of Asperger syndrome is low. Current statistics provided by the National Autistic Society estimate that the prevalence of all Autistic Spectrum Disorders in the UK is approximately 1% (NAS, 2008). Attempts to assess the violence and criminality rate have also been made more difficult due to the low prevalence and problems relating to gaining valid diagnosis of Aspergers Syndrome. It must also be recognised that additional problems in this field may stem from specific difficulties. People with Autistic Spectrum Disorder or Aspergers syndrome within the criminal justice system may be being misdiagnosed and being given other labels such psychosis. There may be a form of societal reluctance to link specific disorders within criminality thus meaning an under-estimation of prevalence is given. Berney (2004) also considers the idea that there is an increasing unwillingness within the UK to pursue prsecution unless there is a high possibility of conviction. Data may also not be taking into account large numbers of people who do not enter the criminal justice system as they are subject to diversion or do not get charged (Hawk et al. (1993). Some researchers have proposed that the core features of Autistic Spectrum Disorder such as abnormal development of social interaction and development may expose those on the spectrum to commit offending (Haskins and Silva, 2006). However this does not mean that having Autistic Spectrum Disorder enhances the likelihood of offending. Researchers have used a range of different strategies in order to study any possible association between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending. Prevalence of persons with Autistic Spectrum Disorder in the Criminal Justice System In order to better understand if there is any relationship between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour some researchers have focused on Autistic Spectrum Disorder among those who have already been or are still in the criminal justice system. Scragg and Shah (1994) considered a hypothesis that there may exist co-morbid neurological disorders in those with Asperger syndrome that may be an underlying factor of violent acts committed. Their research examined the entire male population (n=392) of Broadmoor hospital using methods such as interviewing staff and patients and screening case notes. They found a prevalence rate for Asperger syndrome of 1.5% significantly exceeding the prevalence rate of 0.36% found by Elthers and Gillberg (1993) in the general population using the same diagnostic criteria. Siponmaa et al (2001) conducted a retrospective study where a much higher prevalence rate of ASD among offenders was found in Sweden. The researchers reviewed case notes of 126 mentally disordered offenders and found that 15% had pervasive developmental disorder, 12% had pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified/atypical autism and 3% had Asperger syndrome. However these results cannot be generalised to offender populations as the sample was recruited from a forensic population of offenders who have a mental disorder requiring treatment and the majority had committed violent offences. Hare et al (1999) examined the prevalence of individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders within three hospitals in the UK. They found that 67.7% of the total Autistic spectrum disorder population of these prisons had Asperger syndrome. The rough prevalence estimate was 1.6% supporting the hypothesis that there is an over representation of people with Autistic spectrum disorder and in particular Asperger syndrome within forensic hospitals in the UK. In contrast Myers (2004) found very low numbers of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders in secure forensic and specialist settings in Scotland. Through examination of the number of people with learning disabilities with or without Asperger syndrome their findings indicate a prevelance estimate of 0.93% in the prison service; 0.46% in secure units and 1.39% in mental health units It must be recognised that prevalence studies have typically been restricted to highly specialised settings and therefore highly selected samples such as those at Broodmoor prison and secure services (Scragg and Shah,1994). There also appears to be a lack of research which has investigated the prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in general populations of people who had committed crime. Additionally there is also a failure to acknowledge that the offending behaviour of their research participants could potentially be attributed to other risk factors commonly associated with offending within the general population such as co-morbid mental health issues or social circumstances. There is large variability in prevalence rates across the discussed studies however there does appear to be some sort of association between autistic spectrum disorder and offending behaviour. Differences in types of diagnosis may account for some of the varying prevalence rates between different countries.Even specific studies involving highly specialised settings have found that a diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder had not been previously made for the majority; making this study of general populations even more difficult. . In making a diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder this can help in the understanding of reasons that crimes may have taken place and can help to decide on appropriate methods of care and management Detection of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in childhood/adolescence could provide opportunity to manage pre-disposing factors to offending behaviour. In the absence of such systems it could be argued that individuals with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder are at incre ased risk of developing offending behaviours. See Table 1 for an overview of the prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder found in studies within both forensic and community settings Prevalence of Offending Behaviour in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder When reviewing the research a further method of investigating the relationship between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour has been to examine the prevalence of offending behaviour in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. The question of whether or not a person with Autistic spectrum disorder may be more likely to offend will provide richer information around any possible association. Hippler et al, (2009), completed a study to examine criminal offending in 177 former patients of Hans Asperger. No increased rate of registered convictions was found compared to the general population suggesting that people with Aspergers syndrome are not more likely to commit offences. Mourisden et al, (2008) looked at the prevalence of offending behaviours in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder compared to typically developing controls using the Danish Criminal Register. Register data offers opportunity to analyse data from large populations in a historical, prospective way avoiding recall bias. Overall results found that 9% from the Autistic Spectrum Disorder group and 18% from the comparison group had convictions. This study suggests that rates of convictions are actually lower in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder than in the general population. The research also indicated that criminal offences are very uncommon in childhood autism but more common in Aspergers syndrome. Allen et als (2008) study investigated the prevalence of Asperger syndrome and offending within a large geographical area. A survey methodology was used to identify adults with a recorded clinical diagnosis of Asperger syndrome in the South Wales area of the UK. The services contacted included mental health teams, local health practitioners, forensic practitioners and learning disability teams. Their results were generally not supportive of there being a significant association between Asperger syndrome and offending, attributing this to methodological problems including individuals with learning disabilities skewering the data, the focus on adults and misdiagnosis. Woodbury-Smith et al. (2006) identified that previous research had focused specifically on violent offending and suggested a need for community based research. Their reasoning was that statistical findings of research conducted within high security psychiatric or forensic settings only represented the prevalence of very serious offences therefore failing to be more representative of more generalised common-place criminality. They responded by conducting a study of offending by those with Asperger syndrome and Autistic Spectrum Disorders in the community. Although it must be acknowledged that the sample size was very small it was the first to look at offending patterns of individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders in the community. Their findings found that the level of offending occurring within the Autistic Spectrum Disorder group was lower than that of the neuro-typical group. Issues with these particular studies include the difficulties that some studies have such small, unrepresentative samples that make any estimates of prevalence epidemiologically insubstantial. Consequently whilst these studies do not give a true picture, this limited evidence also suggests that individuals with classic autistic disorder are very unlikely to offend and those with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome are no more likely to offend than people in the general population. Table 1 Prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder studies within both forensic and community settings Study No. of participants Prevalence estimation Ghaziuddin et al (1991) Review of 132 published case studies 2.27% Scragg and Shah (1994) 392 1.5%-2.3% Hare et al. (1999) 22 1.6% Sipionmaa (2001) 135 15% diagnosed with ASD Myers (2004) 0.46% in secure psychiatric units 0.93% in the prison service 1.39% in mental health units Mouridson (2008) 313 0.89% Hippler et al (2009) 177 No increased prevalence compared to the general population Predisposing Risk Factors of Autistic Spectrum Disorder that might make a person more vulnerable to offending In order to examine if there is any relationship between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour it is important to investigate whether there are any innate vulnerabilities that make it more likely that a person with Autistic Spectrum Disorder will offend. It must also be recognised that general vulnerability factors as identified in criminological literature such as low IQ, poor school achievement and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder will still all be relevant (Farrington, 2002). More general knowledge within this area will enhance both preventative programmes and forms of treatment and rehabilitation. Woodbury- Smith et al. (2006) completed an exploratory study where participants were recruited from different sources in the UK. These adult groups included 21 individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder and a history of offending, 23 individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder and no history of offending and a general population group of 23 people without Autistic Spectrum Disorder and no history of offending. Cognition areas known to be impaired in people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder such as theory of mind and emotional recognition were compared. Results showed that the Autistic Spectrum Disorder offenders showed a significantly greater impairment in the recognition of emotional expressions of fear, but no difference in theory of mind, executive function, and recognition of facial expressions of sadness. This finding indicates that this lack of ability to recognise fear in others may cause individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder to continue behaviour that is distressing to o thers thus possibly increasing the likelihood of offending. Langstrom et al (2009), used data from Swedish longitudinal registers for 422 individuals hospitalised with Autistic Spectrum Disorder during a thirteen year period . Their research compared those committing violent or sexual offences with those who did not. Their results found that violent individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder are generally male and diagnosed with Asperger syndrome rather than Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Conclusions also found that violent offending in Autistic Spectrum Disorder is related to similar co-occurring psychopathology as found in violent individuals without Autistic Spectrum Disorder, Limitations to this study must be cautiously interpreted as the sample was based on being hospitalised and are again therefore not necessarily representative of all individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder in the community There are very few reports that investigate the importance of co-morbid psychiatric factors when understanding if any relationship between Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour exists. Newman and Ghaziuddin (2008), reviewed 37 published cases with violent behaviour and AS in respect to concurrent psychiatric disorders and found that 29.7% of the reviewed cases had a definite psychiatric disorder whilst 54.0% had a probable psychiatric disorder. Subsequently when offending occurs within an individual with Autistic Spectrum Disorder it is important to exclude other psychiatric conditions because these can independently influence the risk of offending, as it does in the general population. Murphys (2003) study examined in the setting of a high-security psychiatric hospital whether male patients with AS could be distinguished from patients with personality disorder or schizophrenia on the basis of admission and neuropsychological details. This study adds to the review of research on Autistic Spectrum Disorder and offending behaviour as exploratory comparisons found that patients with Asperger syndrome were less likely to have a history of alcohol or illicit substance abuse and had lower index violence rations. Qualitative observations in this study suggested that whilst circumstances varied, offending behaviour tended to be associated with particular problems such as externalised misplaced blame, difficulty understanding consequence of their actions and difficulty with prospective taking. Murphy (2006) compared in-patients with schizophrenia, personality disorder and Aspergers syndrome in Broadmoor high security psychiatric hospital. The research indicated that those with AS were less likely to have histories of substance abuse or alcohol misuse and their offences had lower violence ratings than those of other patient groups. Palermo, (2004) examined the relationship between complex developmental disorders and delinquency by analysing three adult patients with Pervasive Developmental Disorder whose admission to hospital was precipitated by criminal behaviour. The patients all shared similar difficulties including struggling to understand social cues, showing mannerisms ad prosodic oddities and all had the presence of a major psychiatric illness whilst meeting the diagnostic criteria for Asperger syndrome. Their findings found that the reported behaviours resulted from co-morbid psychopathology and not as a direct consequence of a developmental disorder. Howlin (2004) suggests that the innate levels of empathy may be associated in particular with violent and sexual offending. Additionally Haskins and Silva, 2006. discuss how the illegal behaviours of a person with Asperger syndrome are predominantly associated with either a deficient theory of mind or an intense preoccupation with a narrow interest. The term weak central coherence refers to the detail focused processing style that is proposed to characterise autism spectrum disorders (Happe and Frith, 2006). A persistent preoccupation with parts of objects is one of the diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder in current practice (DSM-IV, 1994) Subsequently it has been proposed that this weak central coherence may make it difficult for an individual with Autistic spectrum disorder to think about the consequence of their actions. To confirm factors that predispose a person to commit a particular type of crime, further large scale, longitudinal prospective studies are needed. See Table 2 Table 2 Factors mediating offending in Autistic Spectrum Disorders in key studies Study Factors mediating offending in AS Murphy (2003) externalised misplaced blame difficulty understanding consequence of actions difficulty with prospective taking Barry-Walsh and Mullen (2004) narrow focus and preoccupation with a special interest Palermo (2004) struggling to understand social cues Co-morbid psychopathology Lack of empathy Howlin (2004) innate levels of empathy Happe Frith (2006) weak central coherence Haskins and Silva, (2006) deficient theory of mind An intense preoccupation with a narrow interest. Woodbury-Smith et al. (2006) significantly greater impairment in the recognition of emotional expressions of fear Newman and Ghaziuddin (2008) Co-morbid Psychiatric factors Allen et al (2008) Lack of concern and awareness Social naivety Impulsivity and mis-interpretation of the rules Overriding obsessions Types of Crime most associated with the disorder It is difficult to ascertain the types of offending behaviour in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder due to the lack of valid epidemiologic studies. Clinical studies within the case study literature have also explored the hypothesised relationship between Autism and Offending behaviour. The offense type most commonly described within these studies tends to be sexual offences, arson and violent offenses. Studies of single cases and referred samples can provide indications of the types of offending which may be found in people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (Baron-Cohen, 1988, Barry-Walsh Mullen, 2004, Haskins Silva, 2006, Murrie et al. 2002, Schartz-Watts 2005). Mawson et al, (1985) case study focused on a 44 year old man cataloguing a series of strange violent behaviours including dropping a firework into a girls car, assaulting a crying baby at a railway station by putting his hand over its mouth to stop the noise, following a female teacher, getting close to her at every possibility. The authors speculate that there is an association between Asperger syndrome and violent behaviour however they do not put the offences in context of the mans diagnosis and significant impairments including sensory, theory of mind and inability to read social situations. Palermos, (2004) case studies behaviours respectively included threatening to kill a police officer, threatening to burn down a family members house and touching a prepubescent boy at a playground. Several case reports associated with Arson and Asperger syndrome have appeared in the literature. Mouridsen et als, (2007) study looked at the prevalence of offending behaviours in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder compared to typically developing controls and found that only arson statistically separated Asperger syndrome cases from the comparison group. Haskins and Silva (2006), discuss a range of particular cases highlighting specific issues that might make a person with Autistic Spectrum Disorder have heightened risk for engaging in criminal behaviour. One reviewed case history involved a young man who was accused of starting a fire in his apartment to obtain insurance money. This fire killed his young daughter and nearly killed his wife. Additionally Sionmaa et al, (2001) reported that 10 (63%) of 16 crimes of Arson were perpetrated by individuals with AS. Barry-Walsh and Mullen, (2004), reported on two cases that had a history of fire-starting. Reasons for the offence of arson vary within each study however it is hypothesised that a major reason includes the narrowed fixations that some people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder may have and the lack of understanding of consequences and reasoning. It could be suggested that Arson may be more specifically related to behaviours seen in Autistic Spectrum Disorder . Epidemiological studies indicate that people with AS do commit sexual offences (Hare, 1999; Murphy 2003) but there is evidence that the rates of sex offending and child sex offences in particular are lower than in general populations ( Hare, 1999, Elvish, 2007). It has been suggested that individuals with Asperger syndrome display criminal behaviour due to their sexual preoccupations. Cases include that of a 21 year old male who had a history of stealing cotton lingerie and masturbating whilst holding womens night-dresses (Chesterman Rutter, 1993) and a young male with Asperger syndrome who had a history of recurrent sexual offences including touching the privates of young women; watching women in toilets and making obscene phone-calls (Milton et al, 2002). It appears that when individuals with autistic spectrum disorder do commit crimes they are less likely to involve alcohol, substance misuse and/or drugs (OBrian Bell, 2001). Additionally the offences of individuals with autistic spectrum disorder did not generally provide any direct gain to the individual. Wahlund Kristiannsson (2006) investigated 35 male offenders with diagnosis of ASD or anti-social behaviour referred for psychiatric assessment in Sweden. It was found that those with autistic spectrum disorder were less likely to be intoxicated and did not use knives or guns as frequently as the personality disorder group. It was also hypothesised that individuals with autistic spectrum disorders may offend at an earlier age than other neuro-typical offenders as difficulties in social interaction will start to be marked in early adulthood and youth resulting in a higher risk of offending behaviour. Recommendations to support individuals with ASD with Offending Behaviour There must be recognition that a number of people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder are involved with the criminal justice system whether that be as victims, witnesses or perpetrators of crime. Professionals working within the CJS must be educated regarding the unique diversity that may be found within people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder in order to improve the likelihood that these individuals will be treated more appropriately. Tiffin Nadkarni (2010) discuss how specialised assessments can identify risk factors associated with violent behaviour even if social and communication problems consistent with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder are present. However there is recognition that these tools compliment but do not replace structured clinical assessment. Subsequently a formulation of risk that recognises complexity but accepts limitations enables useful management plans to be made. The treatment of vulnerable groups within the criminal justice system has been focused on within specific research and it must be recognised that the process of arrest, questioning and trial may be more difficult for a person with Asperger syndrome then others. Difficulties may include misinterpreting what they hear, being unable to function effectively in unpractised, unfamiliar environments and using words without fully understanding their meaning (Mayes, 2003, Barry-Walsh and Mullen, 2004) Subsequently these difficulties may be considered to be the individual being un